Sprachphilosophie / Philosophy of Language / La philosophie du langage. 1. Halbband

Die Reihe HANDBÜCHER ZUR SPRACH- UND KOMMUNIKATIONSWISSENSCHAFT erschließt einen Wissensbereich, der sowohl die allgemeine Linguistik und die speziellen, philologisch orientierten Sprachwissenschaften als auch diejenigen Wissenschaftsgebiete umfasst, die sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten aus der immer umfangreicher werdenden Forschung über die vielfältigen Erscheinungen des kommunikativen Handelns entwickelt haben. In der klassischen Disziplin der Sprachwissenschaft erscheint eine Zusammenfassung des Wissensstandes notwendig, um der im Wechsel der Theorien rasch voranschreitenden Forschung eine Bezugsbasis zu geben; in den neuen Wissenschaften können die Handbücher dem Forscher Übersicht geben und Orientierung verschaffen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wird in der Handbuchreihe, was die Vollständigkeit in der Darstellung, die Explizitheit in der Begründung, die Verlässlichkeit in der Dokumentation von Daten und Ergebnissen und die Aktualität im Methodischenangeht, eine Stufe der Verwirklichung angestrebt, die mit den besten Handbuchkonzeptionen anderer Wissenschaftszweige vergleichbar ist. Alle Herausgeber, die der Reihe und diejenigen der einzelnen Bände, wie auch alle Autoren, die in den Handbüchern ein Thema bearbeiten, tragen dazu bei, dieses Ziel zu verwirklichen. Veröffentlichungssprachen sind Deutsch, Englisch und Französisch. Wenngleich als Hauptzweck der Handbuchreihe die angemessene Darstellung des derzeitigen Wissensstandes in den durch die jeweiligen Handbuchbände abgedeckten Ausschnitten der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft zu gelten hat, so wird doch bei der Abgrenzung der wissenschaftlichen Bereiche, die jeweils in einem Handbuchband erschlossen werden sollen, keine starre Systematik vorausgesetzt. Die Reihe ist offen; die geschichtliche Entwicklung kann berücksichtigt werden. Diese Konzeption sowie die Notwendigkeit, dass zur gründlichen Vorbereitung jedes Bandes genügend Zeit zur Verfügung steht, führen dazu, dass die ganze Reihe in loser Erscheinungsfolge ihrer Bände vervollständigt werden kann. Jeder Band ist ein in sich abgeschlossenes Werk. Die Reihenfolge der Handbuchbände stellt keine Gewichtung der Bereiche dar, sondern hat sich durch die Art der Organisation ergeben: der Herausgeber der Reihe bemüht sich, eine Kollegin oder einen Kollegen für die Herausgabe eines Handbuchbandes zu gewinnen. Hat diese/r zugesagt, so ist sie/er in der Wahl der Mitherausgeber und bei der Einladung der Autoren vollkommen frei. Die Herausgeber eines Bandes planen einen Band inhaltlich unabhängig und werden dabei lediglich an bestimmte Prinzipien für den Aufbau und die Abfassung gebunden; nur wo es um die Abgrenzung zu anderen Bänden geht, ist der Reihenherausgeber inhaltlich beteiligt. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass mit dieser Organisationsform der Hauptzweck dieser Handbuchreihe, nämlich die angemessene Darstellung des derzeitigen Problem- und Wissensstandes in den durch die jeweiligen Handbuchbände abgedeckten Teilbereichen, am besten verwirklicht werden kann.,Mit dem systematischen Einsatz der Sprachanalyse bei der Behandlung philosophischer Probleme kommt es in den letzten hundert Jahren zu einer sich ständig beschleunigenden Entwicklung der Sprachphilosophie sowohl diachron, durch immer bessere Kenntnisse der historischen Vorläufer, als auch synchron, durch Differenzierung der begrifflichen Hilfsmittel. Sie findet in enger Wechselwirkung mit Logik, Linguistik, Psychologie und der aus ihnen entwickelten Kognitionswissenschaft statt, neuerdings auch in Konkurrenz zu der als Wissenschaft vom Zeichengebrauch eine integrierende Funktion beanspruchenden Semiotik und zur Theorie der Kommunikation, insofern Sprachhandlungen als Handlungen mit Kommunikationsabsicht gelten. Wird Zeichengebrauch noch in zeichenvermitteltes, empirisch beobachtbares Verhalten eingebettet aufgefaßt, so nimmt in diesem Zusammenhang wiederum Handlungstheorie (Pragmatik/Praxeologie) und Verhaltensforschung (Ethologie), ergänzt um die von der Theorie der künstlichen Intelligenz bereitgestellten Modellbildungen, die Stelle sowohl der Semiotik wie der Theorie der Kommunikation in ihrer Rolle als fundierende Disziplin ein. Das Handbuch Sprachphilosophie gibt eine nach Fragestellungen, Behandlungsmethoden und theoretischem Rahmen möglichst umfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand dieser Disziplin. I. Raumzeitliche ÜbersichtenII. PersonenIII. PositionenIV. KontroversenV. BegriffeVI. Sprachphilosophische Aspekte in anderen Bereichen,The philosophy of language as a distinct philosophical discipline has been in existence in the West for no more than 200 years. It acquired a special, constitutive role for the study of all speech dependent phenomena even more recently, in the 20th century, in close connection with the development, by analytic philosophy, of the tools or the logical analysis of linguistic expressions. All the same, one can find explicit discussion of language either parenthetically and dispersed throughout the text or else in larger disgressions in any philosophical treatise, whatever its historical period or philosophical tradition, non-Western cultures included. Furthermore, philosophical research on language is only seldom precisely demarcated from logic on the one hand and psychology on the other. In fact, even now, logic and philosophy of language have considerable overlap especially in the investigation of linguistic expressions from the point of view of "meaning", "truth", "deducibility". Similarly, psychology and philosophy of language overlap and sometimes compete in their analysis of the function of linguistic expressions in terms of the mental processes of speakers and listeners. The specificity of the phenomenon "language" vis-à vis that studied by logic and psychology has for a long time been considered to be confined to the domain covered by traditional grammar. In its beginnings, modern linguistics displays a remarkable unity between the science and the philosophy of language. Wilhelm von Humboldt‘s work is paradigmatic of this phase. But in this early romantic form, linguistic‘s independence was entirely subordinated to the services it rendered to the dominant science and philosophy of history of its time. Only slowly, in the course of the 19th century, did the science of language (=linguistic) dissociate itself from the philosophy of language, along two main lines, which partly compete with and partly complement each other methodologically. They determine the parameters of linguistics up to the present day and are known under the labels "historical-comparative" and "experimental-observational". As a result, the science of language becomes an "object-discipline", charged with expanding the empirical content of its assertions, whereas the philosophy of language becomes a "meta-discipline", whose task is the clarification of the conceptual frame underlaying talk about language. In so far as linguistics adopts the self-image of an empirical - i.e. "positive" - discipline, it excludes from its field those inquiries that lack empirical control yet are indispensable for understanding how the linguistic tools involved in doing science come into being. The philosophy of language thus achieves its independence in the capacity of a purely "reflexive", foundational research. Its last appearance in this form, before the shift towards a critique of language engineered by analytic philosophy, is in Ernst Cassirer‘s Philosophie der symbolischen Formen (1923-1929). The roughly hundred years of use of linguistic analysis in dealing with philosophical problems have been accompanied by an ever accelerating development of the philosophy of language. Such a development shows up both diachronically, in a better understanding of its historical predecessors, and synchronically, in a diversification of its conceptual tools. It takes place in a close connection with logic, linguistics, psychology, and their present-day offshoot , cognitive science; more recently it is qualified by a competition with semiotics and communication theory. The competitive stance derives from the fact that semiotics claims for itself an integrative function, in its capacity as a science of symbolic systems, and communication theory emphasises the communicative intensions underlying any language activity. If one views the use of symbols as a kind of empirically observable behaviour, itself mediated by symbols, then action theory (pragmatics/praxeology) and ethology, possibly supplemented by models such as those devised in artificial intelligence, should in turn replace both semiotics and communication theory with respect to their foundational claims. In the wake of the upsurge of interest in the field, even the specialist is nowadays unable to keep pace with all developments, and to maintain a global view of the mass of specialized research. No doubt there are many thematic collections of articles and other efforts in the direction of international documentation, but they hardly solve this problem. The present handbook of the Philosophy of Language is intended to help solve some of the difficulties just mentioned by providing an overall view of the current state of the philosophy of language, conceived as broadly as possible and including an adequate coverage of the range of questions posed, of methods applied, and of the theoretical frameworks adopted. The handbook is comprised of 129 articles, divided into two parts with 60 articles each, which are subsumed under three chapter headings in each part. The first three chapters are mainly historically oriented, whereas the remaining ones are predominantly systematic nature. At the center of the first part, the 26 articles of the Chapter II are devoted to the philosophy of language in the works of historically important persons, whereas the center of the second part, the 22 articles of Chapter V present fundamental concepts and explain their role mainly in present-day philosophy of language. In order to ensure an adequate treatment of the historical aspects of the philosophy of language, Chapter II has been complementeed by two further chapters, Chapter I, consisting of 13 articles which provide spatio-temporal surveys of main currents and periods, and Chapter III with 21 articles, on various philosophical positions about language, which are currently held or which, though belonging to the past, still are or ought to be influential. Likewise, for guaranteeing an adequate treatment of the systematic aspects in the philospphy of language, Chapter V has been flanked on the one side by Chapter IV, which explores 16 important controversies of both past and present, and in the other side by Chapter VI, whose 22 articles deal with aspects of philosophy of language in other fields.,This series of HANDBOOKS OF LINGUISTICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE is ed to illuminate a field which not only includes general linguistics and the study of linguistics as applied to specific languages, but also covers those more recent areas which have developed from the increasing body of research into the manifold forms of communicative action and interaction. For "classic" linguistics there appears to be a need for a review of the state of the art which will provide a reference base for the rapid advances in research undertaken from a variety of theoretical standpoints, while in the more recent branches of communication science the handbooks will give researchers both an verview and orientation. To attain these objectives, the series will aim for a standard comparable to that of the leading handbooks in other disciplines, and to this end will strive for comprehensiveness, theoretical explicitness, reliable documentation of data and findings, and up-to-date methodology. The editors, both of the series and of the individual volumes, and the individual contributors, are committed to this aim. The languages of publication are English, German, and French. The main aim of the series is to provide an appropriate account of the state of the art in the various areas of linguistics and communication science covered by each of the various handbooks; however no inflexible pre-set limits will be imposed on the scope of each volume. The series is open-ended, and can thus take account of further developments in the field. This conception, coupled with the necessity of allowing adequate time for each volume to be prepared with the necessary care, means that there is no set time-table for the publication of the whole series. Each volume will be a self-contained work, complete in itself. The order in which the handbooks are published does not imply any rank ordering, but is determined by the way in which the series is organized; the editor of the whole series enlist a competent editor for each individual volume. Once the principal editor for a volume has been found, he or she then has a completely free hand in the choice of co-editors and contributors. The editors plan each volume independently of the others, being governed only by general formal principles. The series editor only intervene where questions of delineation between individual volumes are concerned. It is felt that this (modus operandi) is best suited to achieving the objectives of the series, namely to give a competent account of the present state of knowledge and of the perception of the problems in the area covered by each volume.